Egypt, which lies in north-eastern Africa and extends into the Sinai Peninsula in Asia, covers a total area of 1 million square kilometres (km²). It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip, Israel and the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.

In 2005, the government implemented its Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) plan, which ran until 2017. Another plan was lunched in 2010, which run

There is significant conflict over access and rights to Nile water resources among the 11 riparian countries of the Nile Basin.

Data on surface water quality is both scarce and old. These were mainly on the White and Blue Niles . Water characteristics are subject to the source and the types of soils it runs through . The only possible sources of pollution are from agricultural residues and sugar industry, even though the self-purifying capacity of the natural systems is high

There are no official data on the total water use in Sudan by sector or region, and data collected by international institutions and United Nations’ (UN) agencies are scant

The Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation and Electricity is the central ministry responsible for all water issues.

Concerted efforts are necessary at national, state and county levels to maintain existing facilities and accelerate service delivery